I believe that the National Government should be s Essay Example For Students

I believe that the National Government should be s Essay trong enough to enforce and create laws to best suit the majority request of the country while also making fair accommodations for the minority. The government should also have enough power to protect the physical and economic structure of the country it rules. Edmund Pendleton; a Virginian politician, lawyer, judge, and planter, was also a strong Federalist meaning he was all for the ratification of The Constitution of the United States of America. One of his main points expressing why the Constitution should be ratified was that the Articles of Confederation is wholly ineffectual for the purposes of its institution. This was stated due to the irrelevance of the document because it gave the Federal Government little to no control of what was happening in the newly formed and still developing nation. Another major topic Pendleton pointed out was that the government must then have its complete power, or be ineffectual; a legislature to fix rules, impose sanction, and point out the punishment of the transgressors of these rules an executive to watch over officers and bring them to punishment; a judiciary to guard the innocent, and fix the guilty, by fair trial. This statement was the foundation of what we now know as the Bill of Rights, which are the first 10 Amendments gifted to us by request of the Anti-Federalist in the United States Constitution. Patrick Henry; former Governor of Virginia, attorney, and well-known politician during the movement of independence was knows to be a major Anti-Federalist in Virginia. Patrick believe that the ratification of the Constitution of the United States would be of a most alarming nature due to the concept that without a Bill of Rights the people of the United States would be giving up their liberty to Congress without check, limitation, or control. Henry also suggests that in the Articles of Conferation every right was retained by the states, respectively, which were not given up to the governments of the United States.Both sides made very compelling arguments but I would have to go with the perspective of Edmund Pendleton, simply due to the fact that history has revealed all the problems with the Articles of Confederations and it was agreed upon that the entire document had to be disposed of to form a new, better, more adaptable form of government known as The Constitution of the United States of America or the US Constitution. In modern-day United States I believe that the US Constitution has served its purpose along with the Bill of Rights in constraining the government of America enough so that the will of the government does not greatly impact the will of the nations people. However, recent events in the United States have displayed some examples of the government of the United States over stepping their boundaries. Not for the sake of the majority or minority of the population but for what they think is best for the nation as a whole. -927099393700-927099393700Patrick Henry, Ratification Convention Speech HandoutEdmund Pendleton, Ratification Convention Speech Handout

Liminality and the Isoma Ritual free essay sample

The Isoma ritual is a corrective ritual used to remedy a womans inability to produce children, a condition commonly known as lufwisha, meaning to give birth to a dead child (16) as well as the constant dying of children. Lufwisha is thought to be caused by angry shades that inflict the condition upon the would-be mother, because she has forgotten direct ascendants as well as the immediate progenetrices of their matrikin (13). soma, therefore, is used so that the afflicted woman, being able to once again remember the offended shade(s), will cease to be the angry shades victim nd thus have the ailment affecting her fertility cease to exist. This ritual consists of three parts: phase one consists of Ilembi, where the victim is separated from the profane world; the second, known as Kunkunka, isolates her from secular life; finally, the third part, Ku-tumbuka, consists of a festive dance to celebrate the ending of the shades affliction and the victims ability to once again produce childr en. We will write a custom essay sample on Liminality and the Isoma Ritual or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Before the Ilembi phase of the ritual can begin, the husband of the woman (if there is one) builds his wife a grass hut outside approximately a dozen huts, onstituting the Ndembu village, that will be used during the second phase of the ritual. The attending doctor adept, led by the senior, collects the necessary medicines with symbolic purposes to treat her during the ritual, including a red cock and white pullet, supplied by the husband and the wifes matrikin. The doctors search and locate the burrow of a giant rat or ant-bear, and upon finding one, address the animal as it represents the troika of the afflicting agencies, including the witch, shade, and ikishi (22). After this, they begin to prepare the hole for the ritual by igging into the hole, forming a tunnel (ikela dakuhanuka) big enough for a person to pass through to another hole or opening, the first entrance being hot to represent the animal or witch, and the second hole representing the cooling down stage or domesticating. This hole is known as ku-fomwisha or ku-fomona. The area surrounding the holes are prepped by men and women in symbolically different ways; a senior adept places a piece of calabash near the first hole, while female adepts place some edible roots from their gardens, such as cassava rhizomes and weet potato tubers, which represent the muJimba, or body, of the patient. The contributions of women, especially those of the patients matrilineage, are significant to the ritual process. Finally, a ring (chipangu) is placed around the ritual site to create the sacred space necessary for the ritual, establishing a realm of order. During the ritual phase, the lufwisha-affected woman must enter the hole of life and pass through the tunnel, entering into the hole of death, where she is sprinkled with cold and hot medicine by a doctor and his assistant (29). The womans husband, tanding to the right of her, does this as well. After being splashed with medicine, she enters the tunnel once more, and her husband follows behind her (31). Together, the husband and wife are nearly naked, wearing waist cloths, to represent that they are both simultaneously like infants as well as the dead. When the woman first enters the tunnel, she does so holding the white pullet to against her left breast, which represents the place where a child is held as well as the pureness and the life and death. Near the end of this stage, the red cock is sacrificed, representing the ystical misfortune and pain caused to the woman, or chisaku. Following the cocks beheading, the couple is again splashed with cold and hot medicine, followed by the pouring of water over them in a 2:1 ratio. While the final splashing continues, male adepts, standing at the right, and female adepts, left, sing the initiation and great life-crisis rites songs of the Ndembu people. At the end, the couple is secluded in the seclusion hut where the wife continues to hold the white pullet until it lays its first egg. Occasionally, they sing mwanami yaya punkila, the Isoma song accompanied by waying dances called kupunJila, representing the style of Mvmengl ikishi as well as the contraction of an abortive labor. The couple, then, is once more thought to be able to procreate, having been reborn in the community. While in the luminal phase of the ritual, the couple symbolically represents life and death, living and dying, as well as birth, death, and rebirth. While passing through the tunnels, the couple is no longer considered alive or dead- rather, they are passing through these phases between the world of the living and the dead. They re both symbolically represented as corpses and infants to symbolize this difference between the living and the dead, for they are neither and both at the same time. Their rank and status as members of the community are therefore stripped from them- symbolically, they must be reborn at the end of the ritual before they are to retake their place within the group, the affliction preventing fertility being removed. It is through this stripping of their rank, social ties, and status amongst the living and the dead that they are thought to be reborn and rejoin society, renewed and ideally ble to once more procreate once the shades affliction has been removed Turner describes the condition of liminality as being betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremonial (95). Those fitting this are ambiguous, because they elude the classifications assigned to people within relative, stable states of being within a culturally defined setting. Thus liminalitys ambiguous attributes are expressed culturally through symbols as well as ritualistic traditions where liminality is compared to death, to being in the womb, to nvisibility, to darkness, to bisexuality, to wilderness, and to an eclipse of the sun or moon. Liminal entities themselves are thought to possess nothing within the phase of liminality. These entities, often neophytes in initiation or those undergoing puberty rites, may be disguised as monsters, wear only a strip of clothing, or even go naked, to demonstrate that as liminal beings they have no status, property, insignia, secular clothing indicating rank or role, position in a kinship system†in short, nothing that may distinguish them from their fellow neophytes or initiands. These initiands, if there are more than one, often bond during their period of liminality together; during such rites, they must be modest and passive while listening to their instructors commands, facing punishment as necessary as they prepare for the transition into the next phase of their lives, returning to a more stable, culturally safe condition. Communitas is Turners preferred term to the sense of community developed amongst the spirit of solidarity and equality within a group, which can be applied to those undergoing a luminal transition together. Turner uses the term communita to distinguish [the] modality of social relationship[s] from an area of common hold sacred attributes in some variety. However, the sacredness of these offices is acquired during rites de passage, where members undergo transitions from one position to the next and are thus stripped of their previous status. Through these rites de passage, members within a communita are able to reach an equal level socially. The difference between liminality and communitas, then, is that one undergoes a period of liminality before he rejoins the communita as an equal. Liminality reflects a tateless, instable phase of transitioning where the individual is no longer a part of his past status and has yet to become part of the status he will hold following the rite, while communitas reflects the stripping of these titles and the social harmony established between individuals who normally would not be seen as equals in society. According to Turner, those within the realm of liminality are often thought of as sexless and anonymous, where members of both sex are dressed similarly and referred to with the same term (102-103). He goes on to say that symbolically, all ttributes that distinguish categories and groups in the structured social order are here in abeyance; the neophytes are merely entities in transition, as yet without place or position. These entities are often submissive and silent while submitting to the authority of the entire community, becoming a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which the knowledge and wisdom of the group pertaining to the new status is imparted. The idea is that they must be prepared for their new position in society by that society. As Turner states, The powers that shape the neophytes in liminality for the ncumbency of new status are felt, in rites all over the world, to be more than human powers, though they are invoked and channeled by the representatives of the community (106), showing that liminal entities are the products of the societies to which they belong. By these specifications, college students are in a stage of liminality, where the lines between adolescence and adulthood are blurred; the students are not considered adults by society, yet they arent seen as children. Undergrad years are marked by social changes as students make their way through this transitional period. At the end of it, they pass through the ritual of graduation, marking their initial entrance into adulthood which is later sealed by attaining a career, purchasing a home, and settling down. Individuals living within the U. S. on a Green Card face similar circumstances†they are not fully American citizens, yet they benefit from the rights of living amongst Americans. Once they pass through the naturalization process, a liminal transition period in itself, they are eventually accepted and invited to a formal ceremony where they take an oath to become an American citizen, receive certificate, and take their place as fellow Americans, officially ending the luminal period of the naturalization process.

Federalism and How it Works

Federalism and How it Works Federalism is the process by which two or more governments share powers over the same geographic area. In the United States, the Constitution grants certain powers to both the U.S. government and the state governments. These powers are granted by the Tenth Amendment, which states, â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.† Those simple 28 words establish three categories of powers which represent the essence of American federalism: Expressed or â€Å"Enumerated† Powers: Powers granted to the U.S. Congress mainly under Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution.Reserved Powers: Powers not granted to the federal government in the Constitution and thus reserved to the states.Concurrent Powers: Powers shared by the federal government and the states. For example, Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution  grants the U.S. Congress certain exclusive powers such as coining money, regulating interstate trade and commerce, declaring war, raising an army and navy and to establish laws of immigration. Under the 10th Amendment, powers not specifically listed in the Constitution, like requiring drivers licenses and collecting property taxes, are among the many powers reserved to the states. The line between the powers of the U.S. government and those of the states is usually clear. Sometimes, it is not. Whenever a state governments exercise of power might be in conflict with the Constitution, we end up with a battle of â€Å"states rights† which must often be settled by the Supreme Court. When  there is a conflict between a state and a similar federal law, the federal law and powers supersede state laws and powers. Probably the greatest battle over states rights- segregation- took place during the 1960s civil rights struggle. Segregation: The Supreme Battle for State's Rights In 1954, the Supreme Court in its landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision ruled that separate school facilities based on race are inherently unequal and thus in violation of the 14th Amendment which states, in part: No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. However, several predominately Southern states chose to ignore the Supreme Court’s decision and continued the practice of racial segregation in schools and other public facilities. The states based their stance on the 1896 Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson. In this historic case, the Supreme Court, with only one dissenting vote, ruled racial segregation was not in violation of the 14th Amendment if the separate facilities were substantially equal. In June of 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace stood in front of the doors of the University of Alabama preventing black students from entering and challenging the federal government to intervene. Later the same day, Wallace gave in to demands by Asst. Attorney Gen. Nicholas Katzenbach and the Alabama National Guard allowing black students Vivian Malone and Jimmy Hood to register. During the rest of 1963, federal courts ordered the integration of black students into public schools throughout the South. In spite of the court orders, and with only 2 percent of Southern black children attending formerly all-white schools, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 authorizing the U.S. Justice Department to initiate school desegregation suits was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. A less momentous, but perhaps more illustrative case of a constitutional battle of states rights went before the Supreme Court in November 1999, when the Attorney General of the United States Reno took on the Attorney General of South Carolina Condon. Reno v. Condon - November 1999 The Founding Fathers can certainly be forgiven for forgetting to mention motor vehicles in the Constitution, but by doing so, they granted the power to require and issue drivers licenses to the states under the Tenth Amendment. That much is clear and not at all disputed, but all powers have limits. State departments of motor vehicles (DMV) typically require applicants for drivers licenses to provide personal information including name, address, telephone number, vehicle description, Social Security number, medical information, and a photograph. After learning that many state DMVs were selling this information to individuals and businesses, the U.S. Congress enacted the Drivers Privacy Protection Act of 1994 (DPPA), establishing a regulatory system restricting the states ability to disclose a drivers personal information without the drivers consent. In conflict with the DPPA, South Carolina laws allowed the States DMV to sell this personal information. South Carolinas Attorney General Condon filed a suit claiming that the DPPA violated the Tenth and Eleventh Amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The District Court ruled in favor of South Carolina, declaring the DPPA incompatible with the principles of federalism inherent in the Constitutions division of power between the States and the Federal Government. The District Courts action essentially blocked the U.S. government’s power to enforce the DPPA in South Carolina. This ruling was further upheld by the Fourth District Court of Appeals. United States Attorney General Reno appealed the District Courts decisions to the Supreme Court. On Jan. 12, 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court, in the case of Reno v. Condon, ruled that the DPPA did not violate the Constitution due to the U.S. Congress power to regulate interstate commerce granted to it by Article I, Section 8, clause 3 of the Constitution. According to the Supreme Court, The motor vehicle information which the States have historically sold is used by insurers, manufacturers, direct marketers, and others engaged in interstate commerce to contact drivers with customized solicitations. The information is also used in the stream of interstate commerce by various public and private entities for matters related to interstate motoring. Because drivers personal, identifying information is, in this context, an article of commerce, its sale or release into the interstate stream of business is sufficient to support congressional regulation. So, the Supreme Court upheld the Drivers Privacy Protection Act of 1994, and the States cannot sell our personal drivers license personal information without our permission, which is a good thing. On the other hand, the revenue from those lost sales must be made up in taxes, which is not such a good thing. But, thats how federalism works.

A general view of God from a Christian perspective Essay

A general view of God from a Christian perspective - Essay Example I t is clear that these elements continue to haunt the religious When the Bible was compiled. In Parables, Jesus warns about the darkness that may corrupt Christianity. First and foremost is the idea that darkness is everywhere. Light must be created in order to fight the darkness. Similarly, God is all Omni-benevolent but the question of the test must be considered. If salvation was that easy, then all individuals would achieve salvation. The fact is that God himself says that humans will be tested with elements of hunger, warfare, plague in order to re-emphasize the idea of the test. This same notion corrupted Christianity. All these notions became a crucial element where finger pointing leads to power. Power corrupted Christianity because it allowed the elites to took control and dictate resources. In times of despair, individuals that were seeking the truth became the felons. As a matter of fact, many true Christians were persecuted because they stood out for the truth. The few a nd pure that stood against the Church or clergy were at once banished or killed because they were dangerous to the elite. The few those rose up against this notion were persecuted. 3. Violence is a key problem for our current society. Choose one example of violence, describe it and relate this issue to some aspect of a religious perspective. Violence is a huge issue in religion and society because it incites human emotion. In today’s society school violence has caught the attention of nearly everyone in the United States.

Bruce Bodaken, Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bruce Bodaken, Leadership - Essay Example The non-profit making insurance company was receiving a hostile response from the public. Currently, he works as the chairman, President and the CEO for Blue Shield of California, which is a non-profit health insurance company. Under his leadership, the insurance company is ranked as the fastest growing company in California. He also serves in various boards such as the American Association of Health Plans. He influenced the Health Maintenance Organization of California to support free evaluation of doctors who denied health malpractice which was later put in the law. He also mobilized actors in the insurance industry in Washington DC for the adoption of an overall plan that was formulated by Blue Shield (Julie Appleby, 2004). Since he became the CEO of Blue Shield, positive changes have occurred in the company, making it a highly profitable company. Prior to this, he acted as the deputy CEO in the same company in the year 1999. During this time, Blue Shield gathered a net income of $16.9 million as well as a reserve fund of $547 million (Julie Appleby, 2004). There was a rise in administrative fixed costs by 16, but the net income grew by more than three and a half times when he was deputy CEO, to a high of $62 and over time, the net income has risen to $314 million. Under his leadership he has demonstrated management practices that led to a decrease in overhead costs as well as substantial growth in reserve fund. The company enjoys a reserve fund that is close to $1.1 billion (Blue Shield of California, 2008). Blue shield has been categorized as one of the fastest growing insurance company. Last year, Blue Shield registered 392,000 members, raising its total to 2.7 million (Blue Shield of California, 2008). This was as a result of an idea that he raised, of registering members through the public retirement system of California. In 2002, he put forward a particular

Lab report Essay Example for Free

Lab report Essay A molecular diffusion experiment of acetone-air (redundant w/ last sentence. . concise)was conducted with the goal of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air. For this experiment, acetone was placed in a test tub 3mm OD, 2mm ID . . (is that correct? ) NMR tube? e and was allowed to diffuse into non-diffusing air that was passed over the test tube. The air that passed over the tube was from natural circulation in the room and no air was forced over the top of the test tube. The diffusion occurred over a period of approximately eight hours, with readings taken each hour. After analyzing the data collected from the performance of this experiment, tThe diffusion coefficient was calculated to be 0. 098 + 0. 02 cm2/s at T = ?. After completing our calculations, oOur results were then compared using the Chapman-Enskog equation as well as the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method. The diffusion coefficient calculated by the Chapman-Enskog was 0. 990 + 0. 001 cm2/s and the result of the Fuller, Schettler, and Giddings method was 0. 104 + . 002 cm2/s. The literature value found in Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook was 0. 125 + 0. 00 cm2/s. (at T = ?. . . or extrapolated from? ) The agreement of our method with the other methods available for calculating the diffusion coefficient was very good (how good is â€Å"very† good. .. significant discrepencies or not? ), and also agreed well with the literature value found. This led to a conclusion that this method of determining the diffusion coefficient of acetone into air can be aconsidered a reasonably reliable method. BACKGROUND Molecular diffusion is the transfer or movement of individual molecules through a fluid by random molecular movements (Geankoplis 412, year of publication). In the diffusion process, the molecules of interest flow from regions of high concentration to low concentration. Molecular diffusion can occur in both directions with the system. In the case of the diffusion tube experiment, however, acetone diffuses through non-diffusing air, which is passed over the top of the test tube containing the acetone. The air is allowed into the test tube, but does not diffuse into the acetone. Molecular diffusion of gases has been studied for many years. Molecular diffusion is a mass transport process Motivation for its study comes from the fact that chemical separation processes such as distillation, drying, ion exchange systems as well as many other processes depend on molecular diffusion (Kirk-Othmer Vol 8, p 149(check format)). EXPERIMENTAL METHODS For the performance of this experiment, a small test tube was filled approximately a third full of acetoneBe specific. . how small, starting height, diam, etc. This test tube was then vertically placed in a 10mL graduated cylinder which contained small beads. The purpose of the beads was to ensure that the test tube remained vertical. This assembly was then placed on a digital scale. The amount of air movement provided by the ventilation system was assumed to be adequate so as to ensure that the concentration of the acetone at the top of the tube was zero. An initial acetone level in the test tube was taken, as well as the mass of the assembly and the temperature of the area surrounding the assembly. After this initial data was taken, the area temperature and mass of the assembly were taken approximately every hour for the next eight hours. The final level of the acetone in the test tube was taken when the final temperature and mass reading were taken. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS From the data collected from the experiment, the diffusion coefficient was calculated using equation 6. 2-26 from Geankoplis: (Equation 1) As the z value was only recorded at the beginning and the end of the experiment, the intermediate values of z had to be calculated. The following equation was used for the calculation of the intermediate z values: (Equation 2) Thus, all values but DAB were known and could be plotted versus time to obtain a linear plot. By rearranging equation 1, it can be seen that the slope of this plot will be equal to 1/ DAB : (Equation 1. 1) The initial plot of data which includes all points is shown below in Figure 1. This plot contains all points and has an R2 value of 0. 9478. From this plot the molecular diffusivity coefficient was determined to be 0. 108 + 0. 022 cm2/s. Figure 1: First plot of data in Equation 1 The second point in the data (t=2700s) showed no diffusion occurred in the first 45 minutes, which seems unlikely (yes, good- sensitivity of balance, etc). If this point is taken as erroneous, the R2 value goes up to 0. 9639 (more important here will be the confidence interval on the slop. . . get that from Tools- Data Analyis-Regression menu in Excel or else in Polymath or TableCureve, etc) and the molecular diffusivity calculates out to be 0. 098 + 0. 021 cm2/s. The plot of the experimental data excluding the second point is presented below in Figure 2. Figure 2: Second plot of data in Equation 1. . forcing through zero point is good. . . looks to me like first FOUR points would give a lower Dab then the last 4. Problems with next 3 that lie below line? Anytihing suspicious happening here? To determine the time it takes for the system to reach steady state, the following equation can be used to calculate the fraction of steady state the system is at: (Equation 3) By plotting the value of ((NA)t/(NA)t=? ) versus time, the curve in Figure 3 was generated which demonstrates the systems approach to steady state. Wow, great! Cite source.  (still wonder about SST conditions of 1st 4 pts though. . . Figure 3: Fraction of steady state versus time From this plot, it could be said that the system achieves steady state in 115 minutes; however, there is strong evidence this may not be accurate. As mentioned earlier, the second point may be erroneous. This would change the path of the curve. In addition, data was not collected at a high enough frequency for this curve to be highly accurate at predicting the time to steady state. If in fact the second point is erroneous, the system could have come to steady state well before 115 minutes. This time of 115 minutes at best, could be the upper bound (or lower bound according to Whitaker’s criteria in his article (handout). . . not sure!! for the time it takes for the system to come to steady state. The scatter in the data can be attributed to various factors in the experiment. The scatter could be attributed to the changes in temperature, as the temperature did fluctuate slightly through the duration of the experiment – Good!. At what time did it stabilize?. The change in temperature would cause a change in the partial pressure of the acetone leading to further deviations. In addition, there was no measure of airflow past the tube. Changes in the airflow could also have contributed to the scatter as it could effect the concentration of the acetone at the top of the test tube (Good! ). The diffusion coefficient was also calculated using the Chapman Enskog equation, (Equation 4) and the Fuller, Schettler and Giddings method. (Equation 5) A literature value was also found for acetone at K(check Perrys), which was corrected to our experimental temperature using the correlation (Equation 6) The values obtained with these methods as well as those from the experimental data are presented in Table 2. Table 1: Values of molecular diffusivity coefficients found. ** ** A very good way to show this graphically in Excel would be to use a bar graph showing the values of Dab as height of a bar by method used, and error bars to easily demonstrate any overlap of uncertainty, discrepancy, etc. Example: The Chapman Enskog method is accurate within 8% and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value has a lower accuracy than the Chapman Enskog (Geankoplis 425). The Chapman Enskog value is less than 1% different than the experimental value and the Fuller Schettler and Giddings value only about 6% different. From this analysis, it seems these equations predicted the experimental value very well. These calculated values are about 20% lower than the literature value. This variance may come from the inconsistent temperature in the room or from pressure fluctuations in the room caused perhaps by the starting and stopping of the HVAC systems. For the derivation of Equation 1, several assumptions are made. Beginning with the general equation (Geankoplis 6.  2-14): (Equation 7) One assumption was that because the case examined was a diffusing A (acetone) into non-diffusing B (air), the diffusion flux of air into the acetone (NB) was equal to zero. Another assumption made was that since the total pressure was low, the acetone gas diffusing into air was an ideal gas. This allowed for the term c to be replaced with its ideal gas equivalent, P/RT. Add itionally, the air passing over the test tube was assumed to contain no water vapor. An average air velocity that was uniform was passing over the acetone containing test tube was also assumed. There are non-idealities that exist in the molecular diffusion of acetone into air. Some of these non-idealities are corrected for in the journal from Lee and Wilke. Acetone displays surface tension effects which, instead of having a perfectly horizontal liquid surface, give the liquid acetone a slightly downward curved liquid level. Because of this curvature, the actual diffusion path length that the acetone travels is smaller than what the diffusion length would appear to be based on center liquid level or calculated liquid volume (Lee 2384). Along with a non ideal liquid surface, the air passing over the open end of the tube may cause some turbulence to exist in the top portion of the tube. With its existence, the turbulent area of the tube will cause a length to exist inside the tube where the concentration of acetone is zero. With the presence of this acetone vapor-free region, the diffusion length is again shorter than it would appear to be. To account for the non-idealities in the diffusion process, Lee and Wilke do not use the apparent diffusion path. Instead, they use an effective average diffusion path which they give by: (Equation 8) Where x is the effective average diffusion path, ? xs is the length of the curvature of the non-ideal liquid to account for the surface tension forces, ? xe is the length of the tube where the acetone vapor-free region exists due to turbulence that exists from the passage of the air, and ? x ­ is the sum of ? xs and ? xe (Lee 2384). When this is substituted back into the diffusion equation, it becomes the following: (Equation 9) Where Da is the apparent diffusion coefficient and D is the true diffusion coefficient based on the true diffusion path (Lee 2384). The way our experiment was setup, the driving force for the air across the test tube was natural air flow and did not employ forced air flow. Because of this, the length of the tube where the turbulence existed in the Lee and Wilke journal would most likely not have been present in our experiment. Also, the initial liquid acetone level selected in our experiment was such that the length of the curvature due to the surface tension forces on the acetone would have been negligible when compared to the apparent diffusion length of the tube. The initial height of the liquid in the tube for this experiment was chosen wisely. The reason for this is that with the initial level that was chosen, a sufficiently long diffusion path existed such that the non-idealities that were accounted for in the Lee and Wilke journal entry would have had a very insignificant impact on the results of our experiment. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS From the data collected an analyzed, it has been determined that the experimental procedure used here can determine the molecular diffusivity coefficient with some level of accuracy. For future experiments, some form of air flow regulation should be investigated. Something as simple as a room fan could be placed next to the scale to ensure a more constant air flow. Another increase in accuracy could be achieved by regulating the temperature with more consistency. If the experiment could be performed in a large insulated room, the temperature may not vary as much. Good job on Discussion, Conclusions, etc. . . to improve maybe expand to relate what YOU think are the main ‘uncertaintys’ that caused problems in your particular case and show evidence to support.

judahs Triumph :: essays research papers

Judah’s Triumph   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William Wyler is the director of the 1959 award-winning version of Ben-Hur. The film is an adaptation of General Lew Wallace’s novel. Karl Tunberg is credited with the actual screenplay. Sam Zimbalist was the original producer of Ben-Hur, but he died before the completion of filming. The two main characters are Judah Ben-Hur (Charlton Heston) and Messala (Stephen Boyd). Another important person involved in this film is Miklos Rozsa. He composed the award-winning musical score in a total of eight weeks. Ben-Hur was released in New York City on November 18, 1959, and in Los Angeles on November 24, 1959. It was re-released in the USA in 1969. This film has grossed $70 million in the United States alone. As for location, this film was shot in entirely in Italy. Ben-Hur is one of two films to win eleven Academy Awards, the other movie being Titanic. The awards include best leading and supporting actors, best cinematography, best director, best music, best sound, and more. This film has some interesting behind the scenes trivia, most of which is in connection to the stadium or the chariot racing. According to The Internet Movie Database the design of the stadium was a controversy. â€Å"MGM asked an archaeologist what the stadium in Jerusalem had looked like. ‘Roman,’ came the reply. A second archaeologist was asked. ‘It was in a Phoenician style,’ he said. A third archaeologist was consulted, who said: ‘Stadium? I was not aware that Jerusalem had one!’ MGM engineers eventually sat down and carefully studied Ben-Hur (1926), and based their design on that.† Another intriguing fact is during the chariot race Charlton Heston’s stunt double was flipped out of the chariot. The stunt man hung on to the reigns and climbed back into the chariot. That blooper was left in the film to add more action. Marketing for this film was almost as big as the movie itself. Hundreds of toys were created, as well as Ã¢â‚¬Ë œBen-his’ and ‘Ben-hers’ bathroom towels. The Internet Movie Database also points out another big goof in editing. â€Å"Nine chariots start the chariot race. After the first crash, there appear still to be nine chariots in the race. After the third crash, six are shown, but as Ben Hur passes to catch up, clearly there [are] a total of seven in the race. After five have crashed, five are left. Messala is the sixth chariot to crash, but Ben Hur and three others finish the race.